What is Series-Parallel Circuit ?

Definition

Series-Parallel circuit are networks that contain both series and parallel circuit configuration.

In other words, if we attach the series circuit and parallel circuit together. Then the resultant network will be series-parallel networks. Most of the time you will find this type of network in analyzing the circuit.

Here is an example of series-parallel networks.

Series-Parallel Networks- Elucidate Techno

Three resistors R1, R2, R3 are connected together. R1 is connected in series with the source. And R2 and R3 are in parallel.

Check this out for different circuit terminology

How to measure the resistance of the series-parallel network?

• In this circuit, from the identification of series circuit, we can’t identify any branch that in series connection at first instance.

• But R2 and R3 have two common terminals. So, R2 and R3 in parallel. So, these two branches will be reduced to one as an equivalence of R2||R3 or Rt'.

Reduced Circuit- Elucidate Techno

• Now from the reduced version of this circuit clearly shows the series connection between R1 and Rt' which can fulfill completely the identification of series circuit.
• So, the total resistance will be Rt=Rt'+R1.

So in that way, we can first simplify any network and then measure its total resistance.

 
Mathematical problem

Here in this circuit,

Series-Parallel Math Problem-Elucidate Techno

Resistances, R1= 3Ω, R2=5Ω, R3=6Ω. And source voltage, V= 5V.

• What will be the total resistance?
• What will be the current I1, V1?
• What will be the voltage V1, V2,  I2, I3?

Solution

• What will be the total resistance?

Here, as R2 and R3 in parallel,So, Rt’=R2||R3 

          Now, As Rt' and R1 is in series, Total resistance, Rt = Rt'+R1 = (2.73+3) Ω = 5.73Ω

• What will be the current I1, V1?

As, R1 is in series with source therefore, Is= I1 =0.87AVoltage, V1= I1 x R1= (0.87 x 3) = 2.61V

• What will be the voltage V1, V2,  I2, I3?

The Source Voltage, V= 5VSo, Source current, Is = V/Rt = (5/ 5.73)A = 0.87A

The equivalent resistance was found, Rt' = 2.73 Ω

So, the equivalent voltage will be, Vt’= Is x Rt' = 2.375V

As, R2 and R3 in parallel so V2=V3=Vt'= 2.375V

Current, I2= V2/R2= (2.375/ 5) A = 0.475A

Current, I3 = V3/R3= (2.375/ 6) A = 0.396A

So, the final circuit will be,

Series-Parallel Final Circuit-Elucidate Techno

FOR MORE SERIES-PARALLEL MATH PROBLEMS CLICK IT

What does parallel circuit mean?

Definition

A circuit consists of any number of elements have two common terminals for all elements and providing more than one path that charge can flow is called Parallel Circuit.

HERE'S SOME TERMINOLOGY OF CIRCUIT

Suppose a number of resistors are connected together in a circuit. So the resistors will be R1, R2, R3. And the circuit will be something like this.

In this circuit, the resistors R1, R2, R3 have common two terminals as marked in the picture. And if current “I” flows through this circuit then the current will pass through in three different paths within the parallel connections.

So the current “I” will divide into three small currents (I1, I2, I3) within parallel connections. But the voltage drop will generate between two terminals of an electrical element. As the two terminals are common for all elements in parallel connections that’s why the voltage drop will be the same for each element in parallel.

Equation

For a parallel connection, the total conductance is equal to the sum of individual components.

So,

Gt = G1+ G2+ G3+ G4+ … +Gn.

We know,

Conductance = 1/Resistance.

Or, G = 1/R

Therefore,

Mathematical Problem

Here, the resistance, R1=3Ω, R2= 5Ω, R3=6 Ω

Voltage, V= 5V

•  What will be the total resistance and total conductance?
•  What will be the voltages of individual branch V1, V2, V3?
• What will be the current I1, I2, I3 and source current is?
•  Show that Is=I1+I2+I3

Solution:

•    What will be the total resistance and total conductance?

As, Resistances R1= 3 Ω, R2= 5Ω, R3=6 Ω then,

Total resistance,

As, Conductance, G= 1/R

So, Gt = 1/Rt = (1/1.43)S = 0.69S

 

•  What will be the voltages of individual branch V1, V2, V3?

As in parallel connection, the voltage across elements are the same, So

V= V1=V2=V3

Or, V1=V2=V3=5V

• 
  

What will be the current I1, I2, I3 and source current is?

 Current,

I1 = V/R1 = (5/3) A= 1.67A

I2= V/R2= (5/5) A= 1A

I3= V/R3= (5/6) A= 0.83A

Source Current,

Is= (V/Rt)= (5/1.43) A = 3.496A ≈ 3.5A

• Show that Is=I1+I2+I3

Source Current Is= 3.5A

And, I1+I2+I3= (1.67+1+0.83)A=  3.5A

So, Is= I1+I2+I3

So the final circuit will be,

For More Parallel Circuit math problem

ALSO CHECK OUT SOME USES OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT IN OUR DAILY LIFE

What does series circuit mean?

Definition

A circuit consists of any number of elements joined at terminal points and providing at least one path from which charge can flow is called Series Circuit. (source 1)

HERE'S SOME TERMINOLOGY OF CIRCUIT

Identification of series connection

• There will be one common terminal points between two elements which are in series.
• The common terminal between the two elements is not connected to any other components.

Suppose, a number of resistors are connected together in a circuit.

So, the resistors will be R1, R2, R3. And the circuit will be something like this.

With the help of the points of identification of series connection, we will determine whether the connection is in series or not.

According to the first point, these 3 resistors have a common terminal between two of them. So, there is a common terminal between R1, R2 and also R2, R3.

The common point between R1, R2 and R2, R3 are not shared by any third component.

So, By identifying the two points, we can say these 3 resistors are in series connection and the circuit is a series circuit.

Series connection is like tying small pieces of rope to make a long rope.

Measurement of Series circuit

The circuit above mentioned is a series circuit. And the resistance of that series circuit will be the sum of the total resistance of that circuit. Because in series connection the total resistance is equal to the sum of all individual resistance.  

So, if the total resistance is Rt and the sum of individual resistance is R1+R2+R3

Then, Rt= R1+R2+R3

And the current flow through the series circuit will be according to Ohm's law,

Series current = Voltage/ Total resistance

Or, Is = V / Rt

In a series circuit, the current is the same through the series element. Or in other words, the same current will flow through different series element while the voltage will be different for each series element.

Math QA

Here is an example of a series circuit

According to the circuit,

Here, R1= 3Ω, R2=4Ω, Rt= 14Ω, Voltage= 10V.

1.   What will be the resistance of R3?

2.    What will be current?

3.  What will be the voltage V1, V2, V3?

Solution:

Here, 

First element resistance, R1=3Ω

Second element resistance, R2=4Ω

Total resistance, Rt=14Ω

Voltage, V= 10V

1.     In a series circuit, we know,

Rt = R1+R2+R3

Or, R3 = Rt- (R1+R2)

Or, R3 =  (14-7) Ω

Or, R3 = 7Ω

2.    The current will be,

Is= V/Rt

Or, Is = (10/14) A

Or, Is = 0.714 A

3.   Voltage, V1 = Is x R1

      Or, V1 = (0 .714 x 3) V = 2.142 V

                  Voltage, V2 = Is x R2

                  Or, V2 = (0.714 x 4) V= 2.856 V

                  Voltage, V3 = Is x R3

                  Or, V3 =  (0.714 x 7) V= 4.998 V ≈ 5V

So the final circuit will be

SOME PRACTICE EXAMPLES OF SERIES CIRCUIT

What Is Ohm's Law Actually - Elucidate Techno

What is Ohm's Law?

"The potential difference between two points is proportional to the current through it."

What Is Ohm's Law Actually?

In general, Energy conversion rule is that the ratio of cause and opposition are equal to the effect of that energy.

What is Ohm's Law Mathematically?

Effect = Cause/ Opposition

So, the effect of energy depends on the cause of that energy divided by the opposition effect of that energy.

Remembering the water analogy, Same can be applied to the electric circuits,

Here,

Effect = Current,

Cause= Potential difference=Voltage,

Opposition= Resistance.

So,

What Is Ohm's Law - Equation

Suppose, the two terminals of a resistor are A and B. A the terminal is connected to a battery with a voltage V.  B terminal is connected to a ground (0 volts). The resistor has a resistance R.

Potential difference between A and B = (V-0) volt= V volt.

If the current flow is I then according to Ohm’s law,

Now, rearranging the equation,

Now, If  V= 1 volt and I = 1 amp current or 1A, then the equation will be,

This 1V/A  is called one ohm which is expressed as 1Ω

So, 1V/A=1Ω

So, According to Ohm's Law, what is the definition of one ohm?

If one ampere(1A) current flow through between two points which has a potential difference of one volt (1V), then the resistance of that material will be one ohm (1Ω).

A Mathematical Solution Based On Ohm's Law: 

If a battery has a voltage of 5V and if we want a current flow at the output of 1A. And for that, if we have added a resistor between battery and ground then what will be the resistance of that resistor?

Solution: 

Here, voltage = 5V  (NB: as ground voltage=zero therefore 5V-0V=5V)

current at the output= 1A.

So, resistance, R = V/A= (5/1)Ω = 5Ω

CLICK HERE TO KNOW ABOUT THREE FORMS OF OHMS LAW

Introducing What is an Electrical Circuit Actually - Elucidate Techno

Definitions

• A complete and closed path around which a circulating electric current can flow. Source 1
• A path for an electric current to flow through. Source 2
• The complete path of an electric current usually including the source of electric energy. Source 3

Introducing What is an Electrical Circuit Actually

What is an Electrical Circuit - Elucidate Techno

An electrical circuit is a path where electricity flows through a complete loop and releases to the ground. Different electrical components are connected to the circuit. The combination of these components in the circuit has been designed to get a particular output. 

Electrical components mean resistor, capacitor, source, inductor etc.

The necessity of an electrical circuit

"What is an electrical circuit serves?" to answer this question easily,
Suppose, we want to make a device that can charge up our Android or iPhone.  But, our home power supply generates 220V. So, if we simply connect the smart phone's battery to the power supply through a copper wire then the battery will be damaged. Commercial basic battery charger generates a 5V and 0.2 amp. So overall 2.5W power. 

To Get It what should we do?

We should design an electrical circuit with components (resistor, capacitor, diode, etc) that can generate a 5V and 0.5 amp. That's why the circuit is necessary. 

Here's an example of a very simple electrical circuit

What is an Electrical Circuit - Example

In this electrical circuit, A battery as a source is connected to three resistors. The resistors are connected in parallel to each other. And at the output, a load is connected. And obviously, the full circuit is connected to the ground. 

In this circuit, the battery generates a voltage, so a current will be generated and flow through the circuit. After passing through all of the resistors (r1,r2,r3), a current will be reduced to a specific level so that it can operate the load properly. After the operation, the remaining current will be released to the ground to complete the electrical circuit.

How to measure resistance with a multimeter

Resistance | you need to know absolutely - Elucidate Techno

Some Definitions

• The degree to which a substance or device opposes the passage of an electric current, causing energy dissipation. (Source 1)

• The degree to which a substance prevents the flow of electric current through it. (Source 2) 

• The flow of charge through any material encounters an opposing force similar in many respects to mechanical friction. This opposition, due to the collisions between electrons and between electrons and other atoms in the material, which converts electrical energy into another form of energy such as heat is called the resistance of the material. (Source 3)

Resistance

Resistance - Elucidate Techno

Resistance is simply a barrier to the path of electron flow. It's something like speed breaker in the highway. Resistance reduces the flow of electricity or current. 

Classification 

There are basically two types of resistance

1. Internal Resistance
2. External Resistance

Internal Resistance

This is the characteristics of the material. When electric current flow through the material, it feels a resistance due to the properties of the material.

Materials Based On Internal Resistance

Depending on the internal resistance of the materials, they are divided into three categories.

• Conductor

This type of material has low resistance. So, the current can easily move through this material.Example: Metal.

• Insulator

This type of material has high resistance. So, the current can hardly move through this material.Example: Wood.

• Semiconductor

The resistance of this material between insulator and conductor. This is the most popular material in the field of electronics. Example: Copper.

External Resistance

The resistance that is attached to the electronic circuit manually to control or reduce the overflow electricity, is called External resistance.

Resistor

The component that is used to get external resistance, is called a resistor. 

Different kinds of resistors are available in the local markets. For example, 100 ohms resistor, 200 ohms resistor, 1k ohms resistor, etc.

Factors Of Internal Resistance

Different factors are related to the internal resistance of the material

• Resistivity
• Length
• Cross-sectional area
• Temperature

Resistivity

Resistivity depends on the material of the conductor. 
Suppose, the material of the wood has more resistivity than the material of the metal. It depends on the molecular structures of that material to determine resistivity.

Length

The increment of length of a conductor, increases the resistance of that conductor.
For example, 5m long metal has a lower resistance than 10m long same metal.

Cross-sectional Area

The smaller the cross-sectional area, the more the resistance.
For example, A metal with 2-meter sq cross-sectional has greater resistance than the same metal with 4-meter sq cross-sectional area.

Temperature

The higher the temperature of a conductor, the more the resistance.

Example

The resistance of metal at room temperature is lower than at 100-degree centigrade. 

HOW TO MEASURE RESISTANCE WITH MULTIMETER

What Is Voltage Absolutely Astoundingly Astonishing - Elucidate Techno

Some authentic definition

• "An electromotive force or potential difference expressed in volts." (Source 1)

• "The force of an electric current measured in volts" (Source 2)

•  "electric potential or potential difference expressed in volts" (Source 3)

What Is Voltage - Elucidate Techno

What is Voltage

Voltage is an influencer of current. If voltage increases then current or flows of electrons increases as well. Voltage is like a pressure which pressurizes electricity to flow. If there is no voltage then there will be no current flow. So, there will be no output. 

Analogy of Voltage

An analogy of a water tank may be a good example to realize voltage

Suppose, A water tank is connected to a water tap through a water pipe. Now, if the one-third of the water tank is filled with water, a water flow with little force will be generated.

Figure Explanation

Let's consider this water tank as a voltage and the water flow as a current flow or electricity. 

What Is Voltage : Water Tank Analogy

Now, if the water tank is filled with water completely then we can say the voltage has increased. As more water creates more pressure to flow. So, now the water flow through water tap will also be increased significantly for the increment of water pressure. 

Therefore, we can say increment of voltage will increment of current.

What Is Voltage : Water Tank Analogy

Different electric voltage sources create this type of pressure to generate the flow of electricity.

Conclusion Of Analogy

In other words, we can say sources store electricity until they'll find proper media to release these charges.

N.B

Voltage is the cause of electricity and current is the result of electricity.

Voltage with the simple circuit:

Components Connections

Suppose a battery of 5v is connected to the ground with copper wire. Then a voltage will be created between this battery and ground. As the voltage of the battery is 5 volts and the ground is zero volts, then just imagine water tank analogy.

Water Tank and Circuit

As water tank has higher voltage then water tap that's why water tank is situated in upper place then water tap.

So in this case, the battery will replace the water tank. and the ground will replace the water tap. And just like water flow, a current will flow through the copper wire and release to the ground.

What Is Voltage: Simple Circuit

To ensure the existence of current flow, if we will add a light bulb to the copper wire between battery and ground then it will light up.

Links

TO KNOW MORE ABOUT VOLTAGE CLICK HERE!

WHAT DOES A VOLTAGE OF 5V MEAN

Introducing Voltage Source Absolutely Exposed - Elucidate Techno

Definition

A voltage source is a two terminal device which can maintain a fixed voltage.

In other words, it can generate a fixed voltage to operate any device. (Source 1)

Introducing Voltage Source and Why it's necessary

Any electronics machine or device needs a tolerable voltage to operate properly. Less than that voltage will make the device in the off state.  Greater than that voltage may create severely damage state. So, A proper voltage generated source became necessary. Therefore, electric voltage source plays that role.

Electric voltage source creates a potential difference that generates an electric flow through a medium to do a particular job for the load at the output.

Example

For example, a light bulb needs a particular current flow to light up. This current flow equal to the voltage of 1.5 volts. So, 1.5 volts will generate a pressure to flow the electron in a particular velocity which will be enough to light up the light bulb.

So, to do it an electric voltage source will generate that particular pressure.

Classification

There are two types of electric voltage sources according to the direction of electric flow or electricity:

• Alternating current voltage source (AC)
• Direct current voltage source(DC)

AC voltage source

AC means the current that will change its direction continuously after a certain period. (Source 2)

What Is Voltage: AC Voltage 

Suppose, a current will rise up to 5 volts after 2 seconds. Then after the next two seconds, it will gradually decrease to the -5s. And, this process continues for five minutes.

So, This will be called a 5-minute duration alternating current which changes its direction every two seconds.

The device that generates this type of current is called the AC voltage source.

Real life example

 Transformers.

What Is Voltage: Transformers

DC voltage source

DC means the current that will not change its direction after a certain period. (Source 3)

In other words, we can say, the current will flow constantly.

What Is Voltage : DC Voltage

Suppose, a current is flowing for a voltage of 5 volts. if the current constantly will flow with 5 volts for its entire flowing time, it is called DC current.

The device that generates this type of electricity is called DC electric voltage source.

Real life example

Battery.

FIrst Battery named "Leyden Jar" is discussed in the video below 

More related links:

   HERE'S A LINK ABOUT CONSTRUCTION OF DRY CELL

WANT TO KNOW HOW BATTERY GENERATES ELECTRICITY? 

What Is Electronics Genuine and Absolutely Easily Easy - Elucidate Techno

Some useful authentic definitions:

• According to the Cambridge Dictionary, "The scientific study of electric current and technology." (Source 1)

• According to the Oxford Dictionary, "The branch of physics concerned with the design of circuits using transistors and the behavior and movement of electrons in a semiconductor, conductor, vacuum or gas." (Source 2)

• According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, "A branch of physics that deals with the emission behavior and effects of electrons and with the electronic devices." (Source 3)

What is electronics - Elucidate Techno

At first glance, from the phrase "What is electronics", when we see the word 'electronics', without a second thought we feel it is something related to the electrons.

And actually, it is related to the electrons. Electronics deals with electrons. 

Some Common Questions

• How electron flows in different materials? 
• How its flow can be controlled? 
• What will be the ultimate output? 

these are the few important questions about electricity.

What Is Electronics - Genuine and Absolutely Easily Easy

By controlling electrons through a certain media ( in most cases copper) to get a calculated output for driving a definite device without difficulties may be the actual goal of studying electronics.

This is something like to play with electrons.

Example

For example, By controlling a current or electrons flow, you can control a motor and therefore, you can control a movement of a mechanical arm or more specifically a robotic arm.

What is electronics - Example

Why this field became famous

Study of electronics became famous for the speed of electrons. With the super speed of the electron flows, we can rotate an electric fan within one second after switched it on. Besides, electron also can flow through air medium which makes us able to communicate through the air with great speed or we can say it wireless communication.

For more detailed information:

i. What is electronics

ii. What is electronic

iii. WHAT IS ELECTRONICS

YOU CAN ALSO CHECK THIS OUT TO KNOW ABOUT HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY